Germany Shield
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More Great Information on Germany Shield:
Space Textiles by Bhala
Introduction
Cotton Protective Apparel for the Space Shuttle
All the materials for use either in a manned space flight or in a flight experiment, including materials of the spacecraft, crew provision, and equipment, must be evaluated and meet certain performance criteria as established during the Mercury, Gemini, Apollo, and Skylab programs. In addition to testing for the primary requirements of flame-resistance, odor, off gassing products, flash- and fire-point temperatures, cotton textile items were also considered as candidate space shuttle.
Chemically treated flame-resistant cotton fabrics that have been approved for space-shuttle apparel include a two-ply sateen (244 g/m2), a filling sateen (153 g/m2), and a two-ply, mercerized, single-knit jersey (187 g/m2). These fabrics are being used to fabricate the total flight ensemble from underwear to coverall and outer jacket. Fabrics for the outer garments were dyed to NASA-specified shades of blue with stable vat dyestuffs, compatible with the flame resistant treatment.
These cotton fabrics were treated first with commercial phosphonium salts and subsequently cured with gaseous ammonia. The process is more commonly referred to as the tetrakis (hydroxymethyl) phosphonium hydroxide/ammonia (THPOH/NH3) method. A second finishing application was required in order for the finished textile items to meet the slightly oxygen-enriched environment of the spacecraft crew bay area. The final finishing process comprised adding on diammonium phosphate (DAP)/urea, drying, curing (90 s @177C), and after washing. DAP is a more efficient flame inhabitant than the phosphonium polymer, thus the combination treatment served to impart higher resistance to ignition and sustained combustion, as required by NASA test standards.
Aerospace Fabrics 312 is woven from strong, continuous alumina-boria-silica fibers, and is specifically designed to pass the FAA's 2000F (1093C) 15-minute flame penetration test. They retain strength and flexibility, with little shrinkage at continuous temperatures up to 2012F (1100C).
For years NASA has used 3Mâ" Nextelâ" Ceramic Textiles to meet the demanding temperature and strength requirements of space exploration. Recently, NASA and The Johnson Space Center have used 3Mâ" Nextelâ" Woven Ceramic Textiles to protect the command module of the Space Station Freedom-the international space station-from being punctured by space debris.
Aerospace Fabric applications include:
âComposite fire barriers
âFlexible thermal barriers
âGaskets and seals
âMicrometeorite debris shields
The stringent weight and space requirements of advanced space and aerospace systems have lead to a need for stronger, lighter, smaller, and more flexible cable and wiring components. The increasingly compact design of electrical packaging imposes significant stress levels on copper conductors. The aerospace industry has been compelled to replace the 26 gauge copper wire currently used in aerospace vehicles with a smaller 28 gauge or 30 gauge high strength copper beryllium alloy wire. This has not been entirely successful because the thinner wires do not have the necessary mechanical strength and durability.
Even at a lower weight (~73%), Amber Strandâ" is able to meet these requirements, producing a conductive yarn that exhibits ~67% electrical conductivity and ~200% the breaking strength of a comparable size of beryllium copper wire. Additionally Amber Strandâ" material is less toxic to manufacture than are beryllium alloys.
Aerospace fabrics
Astronaut suit technology is the model for the development of protective suits on Earth for fighter pilots, fire fighters, chemical spillage cleanup teams, emergency services, motorcyclists and divers. These suits have their own thermo physiological microclimate that allows the human body to be independent of ambient conditions. Helmets and breathing masks can also be included in the microclimate system. One of these protective suits is here seen on display at the joint ESA/VKE/APME stand at K20
Special spacesuits with internal cooling devices allow astronauts to withstand high temperatures during space walks. The Canadian company Med-Eng to develop a concept now used by the Italian fashion manufacturer Corpo Nove and its R&D start-up Grado Zero Espace specialising in sports outfits and outdoor garments has used the space technology. Here one of Corpo Noveâs products, the Cooling Jacket with the technology from ESA, is seen on display at the Cooper-Hewitt National Design Museum New York in an exhibition entitled Skin. The cooling effect is obtained by inserting 50 meters of plastic tubing, 2 mm wide, as part of the design 01, the world's biggest trade fair for plastics and rubber, in Dusseldorf, Germany.
Nextelâ" Woven Ceramic Fabric
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â3Mâ" Nextelâ" Woven Fabric 312
â3Mâ" Nextelâ" Aerospace Fabric 312
â3Mâ" Nextelâ" Woven Fabric 440
â3Mâ" Nextelâ" Woven Fabric 550, 610, 720
________________________________________
Woven ceramic fabrics and woven industrial fabrics from 3M allow engineers and designers with high temperature applications to create new, imaginative solutions for previously impossible problems.
3Mâ" Nextelâ" Woven Ceramic Fabrics are designed to meet the toughest thermal, mechanical and electrical performance requirements. Nextelâ" Woven Ceramic Fabrics outperform the useful limits of other high temperature textiles such as aramids, carbon, glass or quartz. Nextelâ" woven ceramic fabrics are engineered to perform at continuous temperatures of 2000F (1093C) or higher depending on application and composition.
When used in industrial furnaces, Nextelâ" Woven Ceramic Fabrics can serve as thermal barriers to separate different temperature zones or the fabrics can serve to prevent particulate shedding.
Ceramic textiles
Ceramic Textiles have excellent thermal properties for use in high temperature aerospace and aircraft applications. Easily sewn into blankets or other configurations, Nextelâ" Ceramic Fabrics are the only solution to some high temperature problems.
Examples of Aerospace Applications
Nextelâ" Ceramic Fibers and Fabrics meet NASA's high temperature requirements for shuttle launch and reentry
âEngine Protection: Nextelâ" Woven Fabrics are used in the Delta II rocket to protect the liquid engine from the plum e of the solid boosters.
âPressurized Gas Line Protection: Nextelâ" Braided Sleeving is used in the Minuteman Rocket to protect pressurized gas lines against the heat and flames resulting from the rocket plume.
âLightweight Thermal Protection: Nextelâ" Ceramic Fabrics are used as gap fillers in between tiles to minimize thermal exposure to the underlying structure. Because they are durable and lightweight, Nextelâ" Chopped Ceramic Fibers are also used in underbody tiles
âMicrometeorite Shield: Nextelâ" Woven Fabrics are used as micrometeorite debris shields to protect spacecraft and satellites.
Examples of aviation application
âNextelâ" Ceramic Textiles: Used for blankets for aircraft firewalls, engine struts, thrust reverses, fan cowls and jet engines to protect from high temperatures, exposure to hydraulic oil, stress, and vibration because the product is lightweight, flexible and offers protection at temperatures up to 2000F (1093C).
âThermal insulation for wire harnesses: Nextelâ" Roving can be over braided for complex applications. Less complicated applications may use braided sleeving.
âGaskets
âSeals
âDucting: Fabricators use Nextelâ" Woven Fabrics in aircraft Auxiliary Power Units (APU) ducts.
Conclusion
High specific modulus and high specific strength are the most required characteristics of the materials in the aerospace structural applications. Unidirectional and multidirectional composites exhibit good properties in in-plane directions. Fibers in textile form exhibit good out-of-plane properties and good fatigue and impact resistance. Additionally, they have better dimensional stability and conformability. The variety of fabric architectures include weaves, knits, braids, stitched, and Z-pinned fabric. Vacuum assisted resin transfer molding (VARTM) is a low-cost closed molding process with the capability of producing complex parts. It is well known fact that majority of structural failures are due to fatigue. VARTM manufactured textile composites can be confidently used in the primary structures only if their fatigue performance is well understood. The biaxial braided carbon/epoxy composites with different braid angles (25, 30, and 45) were investigated for primary structures of small business jet applications under tensionâtension fatigue loading. Carbon/epoxy unstitched, stitched, and Z-pinned plain-woven composites were investigated for aerospace applications under tensionâcompression fatigue loading.
Article Source: http://www.earticlesonline.com/Article/Space-Textiles/420899